05/28 Class

Today we worked on our final essays. I picked the problem of "B, C and D". Because of the times, I didn't have enough time to think about it, but I still think i did a good job on it.

05/27 Class

Today we took the test about Ancient Rome.

05/22 Class

Today during our WestCiv class we go over the big Ancient Rome powerpoint.  And at the end of the class we got cookies. And we have two big test next week.

05/21/15 Class

Today Christina and I did our Presentation, we have a Colosseum model and a video for it. We also have a drawing to show the rich and poor people in Ancient Rome. I think we really did a good job on it. Hopefully we can get a good grade.

05/20 Class

Today we continued doing our presentation. Sydney, Chris and Nicole's group also have a delicious cake for us. I really enjoy the presentation.

05/18 Class

Today we started with the Presentation. Three groups finished their presentation. I think they really did a good job and it also give me more ideas to fix my project.

05/15 Class

Today we finished watching the movie. And we worked on our project

05/14 Class

Today we took notes about the powerpoint and continued watching the Movie.

• Bread (free grain from the State) and entertainment
• Tiberius Gracchus recognized the advantages of courting the plebeians (even though he was the ultimately unsuccessful)
• Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BCE) 

05/13 Class

Today we took a POP QUIZ. The quiz was really hard.

05/11/15 Class

Today we continued watching the movie about the Ancient Rome. 

• Tiberius Gracchus been the leader
•   Latifundia - a aristocrats 
•  Spain was owned by Carthage 

05/08 Class

Today Mr. Schick was not in class, we worked on our project in the art classroom.

05/07 Class

Today we watched a movie about Ancient Rome during class. I watched it with Christine because my computer was about to die.

05/06 Class

Roman Legion 

• 5,000 soldiers, not in it for pay
• Group of eighty century 

Punic Wars in Carthage - The Punic Wars (264 – 146 BCE)

• First Punic War – (264 – 241 BCE) 
• Naval battle for control of the strategically located of Sicily 
• Second Punic War (218 – 201 BCE) 
• Third Punic War (149 – 146 BCE) 
• The rest of Carthage’s territories were annexed, and made into the Roman province of Africa 

Economic Change; Social Upheavals

• Slaves poured into Italy (50,000 Carthaginians, 150,000 Greek POWs, etc.) 
• By the end of the Second Century BCE there was over a million slaves in Italy 

05/04/15 Class

Patricians 

• Rule of Kings is replaced by rule of two consuls 
• Consuls are elected officials 
• Term of office: one year  

Plebeians 

• Fifth century BCE – Patrician dominance of the government was challenged by the plebs (“people”) 

SPQR – Senatus Poplusque Romanum 

Ancient Roman & USA 

• The US modeled their new government on the model used by the ancient Romans 
• Not exactly the same 
• But both have 3 branches of government 
• Executive 
• Legislative 
• Judicial 
• And both have a legal code 

05/01/15 Class

On Friday's class, Mr. Schick took us to the US history speak Essay part in the Hall Way. It's really fun and I really enjoyed it.

04/30/15 Class

Etruscans

• came from the north-central part of the peninsula
• metal workers, artists, architects

Greeks

• They had many colonies around the Mediterranean Sea
• Romans borrowed ideas from them, such as:
•             Religious beliefs
•             Alphabet
•             Much of their art
•             Military techniques and weaponry

The Latins

• Descendants of Indo-Europeans
• Settled on the banks of the Tiber
• Situated so trading ships – but not war fleets – could navigate as far as Rome

01/29/15 Absent

I was not in class today because I went to the field trip to UMBC

04/27/15 Facts

The Circus Maximus - LINK

• The Circus Maximus was constructed in the 6th century BCE.
• Could seat 250,000 people, one quarter of Rome's population.
• It was a wooden stadiums, two fires happened in 31BC and 64 AD.
• Now it's a Marble Stadium, more than 600 meters long and 150 meters wide

Colosseum - LINK

• The Coliseum in Rome has over 80 entrances and can seat about 50,000 spectators.
• Over 500,000 people lost their lives and over a million wild animals were killed throughout the duration of the Colosseum
• The last gladiatorial fights took place in 435 AD. 

04/24/15 Class

Today we worked on our project during the class time. I decided to do a video.

04/23/15 Class

• Tarquin the Proud
• Punic Wars
• Conflict of passage and trade
• Rome won the first battle against Carthage

04/22/15 Class

City State Empire: The Roman Republic (4 of 4)

 Republic Values

• Romans had strong values and a particular connection to the gods Jupiter (Zeus), Juno (Hera), and Minerva (Athena)
• Romans believed that it was every citizens duty to participate in government and war, excluding women
• The Roman family and clan (group of related families) was paternalistic and the “family fear_ had complete control
• Married women were also revered in Rome as “matrons”

Roman Expansion (1 of 3)

 Allies and Colonies

• Rome was a military culture and made a number of improvements to the older Greek tactics which made their armies nimble and effective
• When Rome conquered a neighboring territory, they often extended Roman rights and privileges to the conquered people, absorbing them into Rome itself
• Non-Romans in Italy anxious to become citizens, incentivized to become allies of Rome

04/20/15 Ancient Rome

Rome

• Ninth Century – Etruscans move into Italy
• City State and Empire: The Roman Republic (1 of 4)
•  Italy and Its People
• Indo-European tribes moved into the Italian peninsula and some settled along the Tiber River creating the city-state known as Rome
• Remus and Romulus
• City State and Empire: The Roman Republic (2 of 4)
• The Roman Republic: The Senate and the People
•  Originally, Rome was a monarchy on the Etruscan model with a council of elders called the “Senate”
• C. 500 B.C., the Romans overthrew their monarchy and established a “Republic”
• in the Greek City-States, the Romans would appoint a single dictator in times on war or conflict
• City State and Empire: The Roman Republic (3 of 4)
• The Roman Republic: The Senate and the People
• Eventually the plebeians gained power in the Senate by electing their own magistrates called “tribunes”
• In 450 B.C.,  the laws of Rome were codified and written into the “Twelve Tablets”
• The “mixed” government of patricians and plebeians had many of the checks and balances that modern democracies have today

04/17/15 Class

Today during class Mr. Schick told us we will start to doing in a project in the next week, the title is "Ancient Rome". Christina and I decided to do a video to introduce the Ancient Roman Monuments, and we are still thinking about to do a model or not. That's a really hard project to do because there's no example.

04/16/15 A short video

Today during class we watch a video that talking about a lots of prisoners is tied up in a cave, they cannot move and only face to the white wall, and the exit of the cave is behind them. There is a fire burning and they can only saw the shadow of the white wall. Because of they cannot see anything else so they think that the shadow is the real things. Finally, a person get rid of the yoke, and escape from the cave, when he first time see the real things, he returned to the cave and tell the other prisoners the shadow is unreal. But for the other prisoners, he is stupid, they think in addition to the shadow on the wall, there is nothing else in the world. 
The story told us the real things is out of the cave, but the senses we can only feel is the shadow on the white wall. I think its likened to the sun of justice and truth, to emphasize that we have seen the sun is in the form of the sun, rather than substance.

04/15/15 Class

Today during class we didn't really have somethings about WestCiv, but Mr. Schick showed us some of the Grammar and told us the importance of pay attention in our English Class.

04/13 Class

Today we went through the Test that we take on April 1st about Ancient Greece.

• Which of these is a large island of the southeast coast of Greece? - Crete 

• This is a government in which the state is ruled by the land-owning nobility. - aristocracy 

• Citizen-Soldiers who were expected to fight for their homeland were Hoplites.

04/01/15 Test

Today is the last day that we have school, we took a test about Ancient Greece. I really didn't finished watching the movie and I think I didn't do well on the test.

03/30/15 Class

I was not in class today because the softball game.

03/27/15 Class

Today during our WestCiv class we still worked on our paper, I already got my part done that about Plato, but I still have to worked with Christina to finished our conclusion.

03/26/15 Class

Today is the fist day that Mr. Schick left. We work on our paper very hard and hopefully we can finished it tomorrow.

23/03/15 Class

Today's class Mr. Schick go through the details about the paper that we have to write before April 1st. And we will also have a test on that day. SO we have to watch the video either during this time.

03/20 Class

Today's class all of us did the presentation of the powerpoint that we did. I did take notes and I think all of us really did a good job on this project. But we did not finished our presentation during the class.

(Ancient) Greece is the Word...

Next in line...

• With Hippias gone, Isagoras and Cleisthenes (both were aristocrats) engaged in a power struggle
• Isagoras had support from some fellow aristocrats, plus from Sparta
• Cleisthenes had support of the majority of Athenians

Isagoras wins (but not for long)

• Isagoras becomes archon eponymous (tyrant)
• He ostracizes Cleisthenes 
• Cleisthenes'supporters - and the ordinary Athenian citizens! - revolt against Isagoras' tyranny
• They trap Isagoras on the acropolis for two days - on the third day he fled and was banished
• 508 BCE

Cleisthenes and Democracy

• Cleisthenes - definitely a member of the elite
• Very rich
• Insulated from the “hoi polloi”
• A crafty politician

Ancient Greece continued...

Transformation of government

• During the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, aristrocrats ran the show in most of Greece
• Rich people held much more influence in society, and held much more governmental power, than the middle class or the poor

Aristocracy (nice work if you can get it)

• Aristocracy is rule by aristocrats
• they attended symposiums, meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine and poetry, performances by dancers and acrobats, and the company of hetaeras (courtesans) while discussing politics

an exclusive club

• no women (except the “entertanment”)
• no middle class
• certainly, no slaves
• sometimes, even certain aristocrats (who didn’t have the right connections or who fell out of favor) were excluded

Tyrants seize control

• sometimes aristocrats would form alliances with hoplites (well-armed soldiers), and set up an alternative form of gov’t called a tyranny
• tyrant: someone who rules outside the framework of the polis
• modern meaning of tyrant: an abusive or oppressive ruler
• the Greek meaning of tyrant: someone who simply seized power (usually with hoplite help)

clash of the tyrants

• Hippias was a tyrant who ruled from 527 to 510 BCE
• his brother was murdered, and his rule became harsh
• eventually he was expelled from Athens (this is called being ostracized)
• in revenge, he began working with the Persian king Darius I, helping them invade Marathon

03/16/15 Project II

Today we continued doing our PowerPoint, because of we got a lot of done last class, so today I just fixed it and search more to make sure that I didn't put the wrong things on my slight. We are done today and then we have to practice our presentation.

03/12/15 Project I

Today in the class Mr. Schick let us continued on our project, today we had a long class and we had a lot of done. It's a good class.

03/12/15 Project

Today we started doing project, in my group here's Chris, Christina and me. Our title is 6.  Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle - Three Great Philosophers. Each of us picked a person to introduced. I picked Plato.

03/11/15 POP QUIZ

At the beginning of today we go over our notes and continued talking about Greece, here's the notes that I took: 

• Homer - the storyteller
• Greek oral tradition - stories passed on by word of mouth
• Lived at the end of the Greek Dark Ages
• Composed stories of the Trojan War c. 750 - 700 BCE .
• "Homeric question" Homer may have been a mythical creation himself

And after that, we took a POP QUIZ, I was really surprised and I didn't do well on the map part.

03/09/15 Ancient Greece

Finally, we had a class today, we started talked about Ancient Greece, here's the notes that i took.

Ancient Greece is the Word

• The Worlds greatest civilization are all located on a river
• Great Civilization/Key River
• Mesopotamia – Tigris/ Euphrates River
• Egypt – The Nile
• India – Indus River
• China – Huang He River
• Ionian Sea
• Terra –earth
• Medi –medium
• Mediterranean – Middle of the Earth
• Crete is the largest island in Greece
• Greece’s Geography
• Greece is a mountainous area
• Mountains cover ¾ of Greece
• The combination of the Peninsula and the mountainous area shaped Greece’s culture
• They had many sailors and shipmakers (They lived on the sea)
• They had poor/limited natural resources, so they had to trade
• Although fertile valleys cover one quarter of the peninsula, only 30% is suitable for farming
• Greek diet: Grains, grapes, olives
• Arable – good for farming
• Their influence began around 2,000 BCE
• Mycenaean kings dominated Greece from 1600-1200 BCE
• 1400 BCE – Mycenaeans invaded Crete and absorbed Minoan culture and language
• “sea people” and Dorians
• around 1200 BCE, the mysterious “sea people” began to invade Mycenae and burnt palace after palace
• Writing disappeared for 400 years

06/03/15 Plato

Cyber day again. Today we have to choose one person (Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle) to describe his life and his approach to philosophy, when he lived and what writings he is known for. 

• Plato was a philosopher , as well as mathematician in Classical Greece from about 427 BC to 347 BC. Plato and His teacher Socrates and his student Aristotle are called the three great Greek philosophers. His lasting themes include Platonic love is talking about Spirit of love. This kinds of love was determined to and opposite way to sex. Platonic love's value is about "The Spiritual Communication". Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and math. One of his famous dialogues is called "Republic". A story is talking about a lots of prisoners is tied up in a cave, they cannot move and only face to the white wall, and the exit of the cave is behind them. There is a fire burning and they can only saw the shadow of the white wall. Because of they cannot see anything else so they think that the shadow is the real things. Finally, a person get rid of the yoke, and escape from the cave, when he first time see the real things, he returned to the cave and tell the other prisoners the shadow is unreal. But for the other prisoners, he is stupid, they think in addition to the shadow on the wall, there is nothing else in the world. The story told us the real things is out of the cave, but the senses we can only feel is the shadow on the white wall. Plato likened to the sun of justice and truth, to emphasize that we have seen the sun is in the form of the sun, rather than substance.

05/03/15 Three Greek Building

Today we have Cyber day again, I have never seen the snow huge like that. Our work today is to find 3 Ancient Greece building.

• Propylaea, Athens - This is the structures near the temple of Hera ( the temple in the picture). The propylaea is the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi (490 BCE). The stoas were used for meeting places and storage. 

• Theatre of Delphi - The oldest  evidence of theatre dates from the late 6th century BCE, but we may assume that Greeks gathered in specified public places much earlier than that. The open-air of seats it's a smart way for the viewers to watch the religious processions and bull-leaping sports.

• Ancient Stadium, Nemea, Greece - Stadiums were named after the distance (600 ancient feet or around 180 metres) of the foot-race they originally hosted (the stade or stadion). This Stadium's constructed near natural embankments, the steps were made by row of stone or marbles for seating.

04/03/15 Class

On today's class we talked about the Cyber day work. I think that's really a good way for us to get work from the Internet, so won't have to make up our days during the eastern break or the summer holiday, and it's also convenient for our international student so that we can order our plane ticket earlier. Mr. Schick said we will have an off tomorrow and maybe Friday either. Hopefully I won't get too much work tomorrow.

Cyber Day 03/02/15

Today is a Cyber Day and we have to study the ppt that Mr. Schick posted, take notes and answer the question.
Here's my notes.

• (Ancient) Greece is the Word - An introduction to a great civilization
• The world's great civilizations are all located on rivers:
• Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates River
• Egypt - Nile River
• India - Indus Rive
• China - Huang He River

• Greece Geography
• Note the significance of Greece's location
• Describe Greece's topography
• Look at Greece's surroundings
• How would all this affect their culture? - Greece is located near a lot of mountains and waters, there's mountains in most of the parts and there's also plants in the eastern of Greece. Western Greece contains lakes and wetlands. That's would affect there culture because the located can not only good for the crops and also good for the transportation.
• What bodies of water surround Greece? - The Adriatic Sea and the Aegean Sea surround Greece. 
• What large island is to the south/southeast? - Crete
• Describe where Athens and Sparta are located relating to the sea, and to each other - They are both near the water and Athens is located higher up than Sparta

02/27/15 Test today

On today's class we got a test for Ancient Egypt, there's only 26 question in the test but each one worth 4 point. I think I didn't do so bad on the test.

02/26/15 Cyber day Test Questions

Today we have a Cyber day because of the snow, and we will have a test tomorrow about the ancient Egypt. Here's five question that I have:

• When is the Great Sphinx of Giza been built 
• 1500-2235 B.C
• 1055-1555 B.C
• !555-2532 B.C
• 2055-2532 B.C
• Which of the following has NOT been built by Egyptian
• Hieroglyphics
• Eye-makeup 
• Ship
• Paper 

Paper-making is a Chinese invention.

• Describe people's life in Ancient Egypt in your opinion with the things we learned

• List SIX invention that invent by Egyptian and describe the benefits of them(at least FOUR).
  

02/25/15 Class

Today in WestCiv class we played a game about the Ancient Egypt, we have to choose the food and the stuff that they need, then we will have a game like to control a ship to arrive the final line. Mr. Schick told us  the first two group finished the game will get a A grade, and the second two group will get a B, and the group that finished during the class time will get a C. I am so confused about the chooses and I always got the most difficult way during the game, so I will try the game overnight until I pass it.

Class Assignment 02/13/15

The First Video (John Green)

• One of the oldest civilizations
• Ancient Egypt (3000 B.C. to 332B.C)
• Nile flooded in every summer 
• The Nile shaped Ancient Egyptian Culture
• The Nile was the safest and richest agriculture of the world 
• Easy to planted 
• People here use Basin Irrigation
• Hieroglyphics for sacred writing, and demotic script for contracts and agreements
• Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile

He talked really fast and include a lot of information about Ancient Egypt, like the old, middle and new Kingdoms.

The Second Video (Pyramid Quest)

• Pyramid was guarded by Sphinx
• There is a stone that can be moved on the side of the pyramid of Cheops, it 惨leading you to the inside where the grave is. 
• The grotto is the least explored area of the pyramid of Cheops

This video is talk about the Pyramid and its history in Egypt.

The Third Video (Mummy)

• Mummification is developed by ancient Egyptians to preserve body for after life
• All the internal organs removed, and then body was covered with salt and wait it to dry up, poured oils on him, then covered with wrappings, then put a wooden board under him and cover again, his name was written at the feet

Cyber Day

• CLOCKS
• The Egyptians were the next (after Sumerians lost their passing knowledge) to formally divide the day into parts (like hours).  The clock and time division can make people's life become more regular and make the farmers can get more effective control of the growth of crops when they're farming.
• MARSHMALLOW CANDY
• The earliest Marshmallow was made by plant, and it's totally different than the candy that we eat now. The Marshmallow in ancient Egypt was used to soothe children's sore throats. That's really a smart invention that can make children eat the disgusting medicine in a funny way.
• WRITTING
• The Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphs and in hieratic. It's can keep the recalled so later people can know what happened even though they perished.
• TOOTHPASTE  
• Because their bread had so much grit and sand in it, the Egyptians had a lot of problems with their teeth. They invented the toothbrush and toothpaste in an effort to take care of their teeth. That's a really wonderful inventions that all the people uses the toothpaste now.
• SHIP
• They originally built small boats from papyrus reeds, but later began to build large ships from cedar wood imported from Lebanon. Because of the Nile River is the major things for the Egyptians, so building ships is very convenient to them.

Thursday's class 02/19/15

On that day we continued talked about "Egypt", here's the notes that I took;

• Wrote in hieroglyphs and in hieratic

• Soldiers used wooden weapons (bow&arrows, spears) w/ bronze tips and might ride chariots

• Upper Class, known as the "white kilt class" - priests, physicians, engineers

• Religious and Political leader

• Pharaohs - The political and religious leader of the Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple 

• He owned all land, made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against foreigners

• Hatshepsut was a women who served as pharaoh

• Cleopatra VII also served  as pharaoh but much later (51 - 30 BC) more on her when we study Greece

02/18/15 Class

On today's WestCiv's class we go over the test "Guns, Germs And Steel". Here is the question that I did wrong.

• All great civilizations have ha three things in common
• specialized workers
• large populations
• advanced technology 
• The focal point of the village of Drah' was a unique structure, which we now recognize as a granary.
• A domesticated animal is NOT a carnivore. 
• Jared Diamond most likely to say: "It is impossible, under any circumstances, to imagine Yali's people inventing the helicopter."

02/12/15 Class

Today we had a class, but we didn't see Mr. Schick, so I just work on my homework and taking with someone and go over my blog.

02/11/15 Ancient Egypt

Today we started a new section called Ancient Egypt. 

Geography

• Egyptian life is centered around the Nile River

• The Nile River start from south to North

• water for drinking, irrigation, bathing and transportation

• every July it floods

• every October it leaves behind rich soil 

• the delta is a broad, marshy triangular area of fertile silt

• managing the river required technological breaking throughs in irrigation

Pyramids

• the Great sphinx of Giza 

• built 1555 - 2532 B.C

• a recumbent lion with a human's head

• the oldest monumental statue in the world

Daily life

• Pharaoh 

• Government official Nobles Priests

• Soldiers

• Scribes 

• Merchants - use money/barter system - merchants might accept bags of grain for payment - later coinage came about

• Artisans - would carve statues and reliefs showing military battles and scenes in the afterlife 

• Farmers - raised wheat, barley, lentils, onions - benitted from irrigation of the Nile

• Slaves and Servants - help the wealthy with household and ehildraisisg duties

02/07/15 Class on Friday

On that day we got a new seat, my seat is still next to Christina. And then Mr. Schick  told us we will have a test on Monday for the movie that we just finished watching. We have to know what did Jarod Diamond do in Papua New Guniea, and how people's lifestyle here. Hopefully that I can get a good grades on the test.

02/05/15

Today we finished watching the movie.  "Guns Germs and Steel" That'a really a good movie that showed us a lifestyle very far aways how do people live like long long years ago. They don't have Science and advanced Technology, they just live like people live years ago, but they still enjoy their lifestyle.

Blog for last Friday 01/30/15

On last Friday we started watched the movie.  "Guns, Germs, and Steel" 

• A biologist named Jarod Diamond was in Papua new guinea and studied about birds, the new Guineans thought the White was superior than them because the white have a lot of stuff but they don't. Jarod Diamond disagreed with that.

02/05/15 Notes

Today we continued watched the movie "Guns Germs and Steel", here's the notes that I took.

• Farming in Papua New Guinea is 10000 years old.
• People here sometimes eat spiders for food.
• People has been used animal to make them get out.
• Animal is be used in protein supplement.
• People can only live if they are good farmers.

02/02 Guns, Germs, and Steel

Today we continued watched the movie. Guns, Germs, and Steel

• The successful Civilization have 3 common things
• Technology 
• Population
• Job opportunity 
• China - rice
• The Americas - corn, squash and beans
• Africa - millet, yams and sorghum.
• Farming in Papua New Guinea is like 10000 years old

01/29/15 TEST

Today we took a test which was open Blog, I have some notes on my blog but it was a mess, so it's difficult for me to realize the time that the event happened. And I can only figure out the rivers on the map part.

01/28/15 Test Review

On that day, we reviewed the powerpoint about the Mesopotamia, the test will be on Thursday. Here's the notes that I took:

• Indo-Europeans were people from the grasslands of the Russian steppe who introduced the horse to the Near East
• King Hammurabi of Babylon created a series of laws known as “Hammurabi’s Code” - laws that included “an eye for an eye” and regulations of marriage, divorce, and punishments for all sorts of crimes
• Egyptian doctors wrote extensively on health issues and created potions and cures for a number of common ailments

Hopefully I can do a good job on my first S2 WestCiv test!

01/24/15 More on Mesopotamia

On Friday we continued talking about The Mesopotamia. Here's the notes. And we will have a quiz on Wednesday.

• a pantheon of Sumerian gods and goddesses emerged, with many of the deities representing the natural elements of the world
• the Ziggurat was a Sumerian temple built on top of a “mountain” of earth
• Sumer was conquered by the Akkadians c. 2350 B.C. - their gods took the place of previous gods and all were forced to worship them
• Upper Egypt was a 500 mile long strip of fertile land along the Nile; 
• Lower Egypt was the wide land of the Nile delta, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea
• The Nile was the major provider of life for the Egyptians and was much revered in lore and writing
• around 3100 B.C. the two lands were united under a single king or “pharaoh

Jan 22,2015 From Prehistory to Civilization

Today's notes.

From Prehistory to Civilization, 3000-1200 B.C.

• Before Civilization: 
• The Origins and “Ages” of Human Beings
• 200,000 years ago a human species emerged in southwestern Africa
• 14,000 years ago, a worldwide human race existed
• The Prehistoric Era
• the Agricultural Revolution
• Populations rose due to increased ability to care for young children
• invention of wheel and plow made it possible to produce enough food for storage
• Villagers were polytheists, worshipped multiple nature, human and animal gods.